Optimización del empuje y las fuerzas de diente en dos modelos de motores lineales síncronos de imanes permanentes

Aunque la teoría y los fundamentos de los motores lineales no son muy conocidos y tratados en las aulas de clase, en tiempos recientes se ha presentado un auge en la utilización de este tipo de motores y en particular, de los motores lineales síncronos de imanes permanentes, que tienen muchas aplicaciones sobre todo en la industria. Por ello, existe un compromiso de construir máquinas que sean óptimas en su diseño y que no presenten inconvenientes en su operación. Al estudiar los motores lineales síncronos de imanes permanentes, se encuentra que ellos presentan inconvenientes con el rizado en el empuje que se originan especialmente por fuerzas indeseables que se producen por la presencia de los imanes permanentes en la excitación y de las ranuras en la armadura. Estas fuerzas denominadas fuerzas de diente, son indeseables en este tipo de motores y por ello se busca minimizarlas. En el caso de los motores estudiados en esta tesis, se aplica una técnica conocida y efectiva para la reducción de fuerzas de diente, que consiste en inclinar los imanes. Sin embargo esto lleva a un nuevo inconveniente, que consiste en la disminución del empuje del motor, lo cual también es indeseable. Por tal motivo se hace necesario desarrollar un método que permita optimizar el diseño del motor, obteniendo el valor de inclinación de los imanes, de forma que las fuerzas de diente se minimicen y que el empuje permanezca en el máximo posible. En esta tesis inicialmente se realiza un trabajo de caracterización del comportamiento del empuje y de la fuerza de diente en los dos motores elegidos, la cual se realiza por simulaciones con software de elementos finitos y regresiones, dando como resultado unas características cuadráticas a las cuales se les aplica una metodología de optimización con sumas ponderadas, obteniendo buenos resultados en el objetivo de reducir las fuerzas de diente y mantener alto el valor del empuje de los motores. Posteriormente se plantea otro método donde se caracteriza el comportamiento del empuje y de la fuerza de diente en los dos motores mediante el uso de redes neuronales, para luego optimizar utilizando las sumas ponderadas. En este caso los resultados obtenidos superan ampliamente los obtenidos por el método aplicado inicialmente, lo cual da validez a los métodos empleados. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Although the theory and the foundations of linear motors are not widely known and discussed in classrooms, in recent times there has been a boom in the use of such motors, in particular permanent magnet linear synchronous motors, which have many applications particularly in the industry. Therefore, there is a commitment to build machines that are optimal in their design and show no problems in its operation. By studying the synchronous linear motors with permanent magnets, is that they have drawbacks in the ripple thrust originating especially undesirable forces produced by the presence of permanent magnet excitation and the slots in the armature. These forces called cogging forces are undesirable in this type of motors and therefore seek to minimize. In the case of motors studied in this work, applies a known and effective technique in reducing cogging forces that consist in skew the magnets. However this leads to a new drawback, which consists in reducing the motor thrust, which is also undesirable. For this reason it is necessary to develop a method for optimizing the motor design, obtaining the value of skew magnets, so that the cogging forces are minimized and that the thrust remains in the maximum possible. In this thesis, initially is characterized the behavior of the thrust and cogging forces in both motors selected, which is performed by simulations using finite element software and regressions, resulting in quadratic characteristics which are applied a methodology of optimization with weighted sums, obtaining good results in order to reduce the magnitude of the cogging force and keep up the value of motor thrust. Subsequently raises another method which characterizes the behavior of the thrust and the cogging force in the two motors by using neural networks, then optimizing using the weighted sums. In this case the results far exceed those obtained by the method used initially, which validates the methods used

Quantification of operating reserves with high penetration of wind power considering extreme values

The high integration of wind energy in power systems requires operating reserves to ensure the reliability and security in the operation. The intermittency and volatility in wind power sets a challenge for day-ahead dispatching in order to schedule generation resources. Therefore,the quantification of operating reserves is addressed in this paper using extreme values through Monte-Carlo simulations. The uncertainty inwind power forecasting is captured by a generalized extreme value distribution to generate scenarios. The day-ahead dispatching model is formulated asa mixed-integer linear quadratic problem including ramping constraints. This approach is tested in the IEEE-118 bus test system including integration of wind power in the system. The results represent the range of values for operating reserves in day-ahead dispatchin

Coordination and power during Squat Jumps with loads controlled by an electromechanical dynamometer

Se analizó la coordinación entre los segmentos de las extremidades inferiores y la potencia durante Squat Jumps en diferentes condiciones de carga en diez sujetos varones entrenados (edad 22.5 ± 2.1 años; altura corporal 176.5 ± 5.4 cm; masa corporal 75.8 ± 5.8; IMC 24.3 ± 1.8). Utilizamos un dinamómetro electromecánico funcional para controlar la carga del 0% al 30% del peso corporal durante la fase de empuje. Las diferencias entre las condiciones se evaluaron mediante ANOVA de medidas repetidas de una vía, p <0.05, para altura de salto, fuerza vertical máxima, velocidad vertical máxima y velocidades angulares máximas de cadera, rodilla y tobillo. Se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson para examinar las relaciones entre altura del salto y las otras variables. Las velocidades angulares que presentaron diferencias se consideraron para analizar la coordinación mediante los gráficos de promedios durante la fase de empuje. La potencia disminuyó con la carga y tuvo mayor correlación con la altura en 30%. Esto indica que el entrenamiento de potencia con SJ debe realizarse sin carga, pero para evaluar potencia con la altura se debe utilizar una carga de al menos 30%. Las velocidades articulares máximas de cadera y rodilla cambiaron con la carga y se correlacionaron con la altura en 30%. Los valores finales y la pendiente inicial de la relación entre velocidad de cadera y rodilla, indican una coordinación diferente con y sin carga y sugieren una mayor transferencia de velocidades rotacionales a vertical en saltos sin carga adicional.UY-MoUC

PV Energy Performance in a Sustainable Campus

Producción CientíficaThe challenge of photovoltaic integration as the basis of an energy generation system has been achieved and carried out by the University Aut&oacute;noma de Cali, Colombia, using an avant-garde energy technology model. This innovative sustainable campus not only fulfills its purpose as an advanced model of a renewable energy integration system, it also aims at environmental research, e-mobility, and energy efficiency. This paper describes how the university implements the technological innovation of integrating the photovoltaic system installation in a university campus, showing its relevant contribution to the electricity generation in the campus buildings by analyzing the different electrical parameters together with the system performance indicators. The implementation of technological solutions has allowed the generation of a quantity of renewable energy within the campus, supplying a sustainable energy response based on energy efficiency and carbon emissions savings. This innovation has been applied following the international standards for the evaluation of the energy performance of photovoltaic systems (IEC 61724), reaching very optimal values for this type of renewable solution. In this paper, the dynamic monitoring of several parameters has been carried out in order to analyze the energy performance, and an energy simulation has been used to achieve optimal solutions and to obtain the perfect modeling of the system. This study shows how to evaluate the performance of an integration of a photovoltaic system in a smart university campus, according to international standards. It achieves complete viability due to its economic savings, energy efficiency and reduction of carbon emission

PV energy performance in a sustainable campus

The challenge of photovoltaic integration as the basis of an energy generation system has been achieved and carried out by the University Autónoma de Cali, Colombia, using an avant-garde energy technology model. This innovative sustainable campus not only fulfills its purpose as an advanced model of a renewable energy integration system, it also aims at environmental research, e-mobility, and energy efficiency. This paper describes how the university implements the technological innovation of integrating the photovoltaic system installation in a university campus, showing its relevant contribution to the electricity generation in the campus buildings by analyzing the different electrical parameters together with the system performance indicators. The implementation of technological solutions has allowed the generation of a quantity of renewable energy within the campus, supplying a sustainable energy response based on energy efficiency and carbon emissions savings. This innovation has been applied following the international standards for the evaluation of the energy performance of photovoltaic systems (IEC 61724), reaching very optimal values for this type of renewable solution. In this paper, the dynamic monitoring of several parameters has been carried out in order to analyze the energy performance, and an energy simulation has been used to achieve optimal solutions and to obtain the perfect modeling of the system. This study shows how to evaluate the performance of an integration of a photovoltaic system in a smart university campus, according to international standards. It achieves complete viability due to its economic savings, energy efficiency and reduction of carbon emissio

Coordination and power during Squat Jumps with loads controlled by an electromechanical dynamometer

Se analizó la coordinación entre los segmentos de las extremidades inferiores y la potencia durante Squat Jumps en diferentes condiciones de carga en diez sujetos varones entrenados (edad 22.5 ± 2.1 años; altura corporal 176.5 ± 5.4 cm; masa corporal 75.8 ± 5.8; IMC 24.3 ± 1.8). Utilizamos un dinamómetro electromecánico funcional para controlar la carga del 0% al 30% del peso corporal durante la fase de empuje. Las diferencias entre las condiciones se evaluaron mediante ANOVA de medidas repetidas de una vía, p <0.05, para altura de salto, fuerza vertical máxima, velocidad vertical máxima y velocidades angulares máximas de cadera, rodilla y tobillo. Se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson para examinar las relaciones entre altura del salto y las otras variables. Las velocidades angulares que presentaron diferencias se consideraron para analizar la coordinación mediante los gráficos de promedios durante la fase de empuje. La potencia disminuyó con la carga y tuvo mayor correlación con la altura en 30%. Esto indica que el entrenamiento de potencia con SJ debe realizarse sin carga, pero para evaluar potencia con la altura se debe utilizar una carga de al menos 30%. Las velocidades articulares máximas de cadera y rodilla cambiaron con la carga y se correlacionaron con la altura en 30%. Los valores finales y la pendiente inicial de la relación entre velocidad de cadera y rodilla, indican una coordinación diferente con y sin carga y sugieren una mayor transferencia de velocidades rotacionales a vertical en saltos sin carga adicional.UY-MoUC

Behavioral immune landscapes of inflammation.

Transcriptional or proteomic profiling of individual cells have revolutionized interpretation of biological phenomena by providing cellular landscapes of healthy and diseased tissues. These approaches, however, fail to describe dynamic scenarios in which cells can change their biochemical properties and downstream “behavioral” outputs every few seconds or minutes. Here, we used 4D live imaging to record tens to hundreds of morpho-kinetic parameters describing the dynamism of individual leukocytes at sites of active inflammation. By analyzing over 100,000 reconstructions of cell shapes and tracks over time, we obtained behavioral descriptors of individual cells and used these high-dimensional datasets to build behavioral landscapes. These landscapes recognized leukocyte identities in the inflamed skin and trachea, and inside blood vessels uncovered a continuum of neutrophil states, including a large, sessile state that was embraced by the underlying endothelium and associated with pathogenic inflammation. Behavioral in vivo screening of thousands of cells from 24 different mouse mutants identified the kinase Fgr as a driver of this pathogenic state, and genetic or pharmacological interference of Fgr protected from inflammatory injury. Thus, behavioral landscapes report unique biological properties of dynamic environments at high cellular, spatial and temporal resolution.pre-print4302 K

Lo glocal y el turismo. Nuevos paradigmas de interpretación.

El estudio del turismo se realiza desde múltiples escalas y enfoques, este libro aborda muchos temas que es necesario discutir desde diversas perspectivas; es el caso de la reflexión sobre la propia disciplina y sus conceptos, así como los asuntos específicos referidos al impacto territorial, los tipos de turismo, las cuestiones ambientales, el tema de la pobreza, la competitividad, las políticas públicas, el papel de las universidades, las áreas naturales protegidas, la sustentabilidad, la cultura, el desarrollo, la seguridad, todos temas centrales documentados y expuestos con originalidad y dominio del asunto. Lo multiescalar es básico para la comprensión del sistema turístico, sistema formado de procesos globales, regionales y locales. El eje de discusión del libro es lo glocal, esa interacción entre lo nacional y local con lo global

New insights into the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory chronic disease occurring exclusively in elderly individuals. Until recently, the disease has been considered a unique disease resulting from the interaction in the walls of susceptible arteries, between an unknown infectious agents with local dendritic cells (DCs), activated CD4 T cells and effector macrophages. Recent evidence has shown that this view was too simplistic and has clarified many of the pathogenetic aspects of the disease. Many genetic studies recently published have identified different new genes, including cytokines, adhesion molecules and regulators of innate immunity, as crucial players in the development and progression of GCA. Recent evidence suggests that there is heterogeneity of histological lesions in GCA, that are correlated with different immunological Th9 and Th17 signature. The recent demonstration that Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antigen is present in the 64% of GCA-negative TAs and in the 73% of GCA-positive TAs could represent an important point of arrival in the search for a causative agent in the pathogenesis of a metameric disease such as GCA. In this context, cytokines such as IL-32 and IL-33 that act as a danger signal following tissue damage and infection are over-expressed in GCA arteries. Artery tertiary lymphoid organs, present in up to 50% of GCA-positive arteries, could represent the sites were primary immune responses and T- and B-cell autoimmune responses against viral antigens are organized. The recently demonstrated disturbed distribution of B cells in GCA could be also relevant in the pathogenesis of the disease, possibly contributing to the enhanced IL-6 response. Altogether, these evidences may clarify many pathogenetic aspect of the disease, also suggesting complexity greater than first imagined